Materiality 重要性

ISA 320 Materiality in planning and performing an audit notes that while it may be discussed in different terms by different financial reporting frameworks the following are generally the case:

重要性概念可以从以下方面理解：

(a) Misstatements, including omissions, are considered to be material if they, individually or in aggregate, could reasonably be expected to influence the economic decisions of users taken on the basis of the financial statements.

（a）如果合理预期错报（包括漏报）单独或汇总起来可能影响财务报表使用者依据财务报表作出的经济决策，则通常认为错报是重大的。

(b) Judgements about materiality are made in the light of surrounding circumstances, and are affected by the size and nature of a misstatement or a combination of both.

（b）对重要性的判断是根据具体环境作出的，并受错报的金额或性质的影响，或受两者共同作用的影响。

(c) Judgements about matters that are material to users of financial statements are based on a consideration of the common financial information needs of users as a group.

（c）判断某事项对财务报表使用者是否重大，是在考虑财务报表使用者整体共同的财务信息需求的基础上作出的。

The concept of materiality is applied by the auditor both in planning and performing the audit, and in evaluating the effect of identified misstatements on the audit and of uncorrected misstatements, if any, on the financial statements and in forming the opinion in the auditor's report.

In planning the audit, the auditor makes judgements about misstatements that will be considered material. These judgements provide a basis for:

(a) Determining the nature, timing and extent of risk assessment procedures;

(b) Identifying and assessing the risks of material misstatement; and 

(c) Determining the nature, timing and extent of further audit procedures.

Materiality for the financial statements as a whole

财务报表整体的重要性

The following factors may affect the identification of an appropriate benchmark:

注册会计师选择基准是需要考虑的因素：

The elements of the financial statements

财务报表要素

Whether there are items on which the attention of the users of the particular entity's financial statements tend to be focused

是否存在特定会计主体的财务报表使用者特别关注的项目

The nature of the entity, where the entity is in its life cycle, and the industry and economic environment in which the entity operates

被审计单位的性质、所处的生命周期阶段以及所处行业和经济环境

The entity's ownership structure and the way it is financed

被审计单位的所有权结构和融资方式

Relative volatility of the benchmark

基准的相对波动性

Materiality level or levels for particular classes of transactions, account balances or disclosures

特定类别交易、账户余额或披露的重要性水平

Factors that may indicate the existence of one or more particular classes of transactions, account balances or disclosures include the following:

可能表明存在一个或多个特定类别的交易、账户余额或披露的影响因素包括：

Whether law, regulation or the applicable financial reporting framework affect users' expectations regarding the measurement or disclosure of certain items.

法律法规或适用的财务报告编制基础是否影响财务报表使用者对特定项目计量或披露的预期

The key disclosures in relation to the industry in which the entity operates

与被审计单位所处行业相关的关键性披露

whether attention is focused on a particular aspect of the entity's business that is separately disclosed in the financial statements

财务报表使用者是否特别关注财务报表中单独披露的业务的特定方面

Performance materiality

实际执行的重要性

Performance materiality is the amount or amounts set by the auditor at less than materiality for the financial statements as a whole to reduce to an appropriately low level the probability that the aggregate of uncorrected and undetected misstatements exceeds materiality for the financial statements as a whole.

实际执行的重要性，是指注册会计师确定的低于财务报表整体重要性的一个或多个金额，旨在将未更正和未发现错报的汇总数超过财务报表整体重要性的可能性降至适当的低水平。

Performance materiality also refers to the amount or amounts set by the auditor at less than the materiality level or levels for particular classes of transactions, account balances or disclosures.

实际执行的重要性还指注册会计师确定的低于特定类别的交易、账户余额或披露的重要性水平的一个或多个金额。

The determination of performance materiality is not a simple mechanical calculation and involves the exercise of professional judgement. It is affected by:

确定实际执行的重要性并非简单机械的计算，需要注册会计师运用职业判断，并考虑下列因素的影响：

(a) The auditor's understanding of the entity, updated during the performance of the risk assessment procedures;

（a）对被审计单位的了解 （这些了解在实施风险评估程序的过程中得到更新）

(b) The nature and extent of misstatements identified in previous audits, and

（b）前期审计工作中识别出的错报的性质和范围

(c) Thereby the auditor's expectation in relation to misstatements in the current period.

（c）根据前期识别出的错报对本期错报作出的预期