Related Parties

 

Related Parties
关联方

This is the comparison between International Standards on Auditing and China Auditing Standards with regard to certain knowledge relevant to related parties.

Risk Assessment Procedures and Related Activities

风险评估程序和相关工作

Matters that may be addressed in the discussion among the engagement team include:

•• The nature and extent of the entity's relationships and transactions with related parties (using, for example, the auditor's record of identified related parties updated after each audit).

•• An emphasis on the importance of maintaining professional skepticism throughout the audit regarding the potential for material misstatement associated with related party relationships and transactions.

•• The circumstances or conditions of the entity that may indicate the existence of related party relationships or transactions that management has not identified or disclosed to the auditor (for example, a complex organizational structure, use of special-purpose entities for off-balance sheet transactions, or an inadequate information system).

•• The records or documents that may indicate the existence of related party relationships or transactions.

•• The importance that management and those charged with governance attach to the identification, appropriate accounting for, and disclosure of related party relationships and transactions (if the applicable financial reporting framework establishes related party requirements), and the related risk of management override of relevant controls.

In addition, the discussion in the context of fraud may include specific consideration of how related parties may be involved in fraud. For example:

•• How special-purpose entities controlled by management might be used to facilitate earnings management.

•• How transactions between the entity and a known business partner of a key member of management could be arranged to facilitate misappropriation of the entity’s assets.

项目组内部讨论的内容可能包括：

（ 1）关联方关系及其交易的 性质 和 范围 （如利用在每次审计后更新的有关识别出的关联方的记录进行讨论）

（ 2）强调在整个审计过程中对关联方关系及其交易导致的潜在重大错报风险保持 职业怀疑 的重要性

（ 3）可能显示管理层 以前未识别 或 未向 注册会计师披露的关联方关系或关联方交易的情形或状况（如被审计单位组织结构复杂，利用特殊目的实体从事表外交易，或信息系统不够完善）

（ 4）可能显示 存在 关联方关系或关联方交易的 记录或文件

（ 5）管理层和治理层对关联方关系及其交易（如果适用的财务报告编制基础对关联方作出规定）进行识别、 恰当 会计处理和披露的重视程度 ，以及管理层凌驾于相关控制之上的风险

（ 6）在对舞弊进行讨论时， 对关联方可能如何参与舞弊的特殊考虑

The auditor shall inquire of management regarding:

(a) The identity of the entity’s related parties, including changes from the prior period; 

(b) The nature of the relationships between the entity and these related parties; and

(c) Whether the entity entered into any transactions with these related parties during the period and, if so, the type and purpose of the transactions.

注册会计师应当向管理层询问下列事项：

（1）关联方的名称和特征，包括关联方自上期以来发生的变化

（2）被审计单位和关联方之间 关系 的 性质

（3）被审计单位在本期是否与关联方发生 交易 ，如发生，交易的类型、定价政策和目的

The auditor shall inquire of management and others within the entity, and perform other risk assessment procedures considered appropriate, to obtain an understanding of the controls, if any, that management has established to:

(a) Identify, account for, and disclose related party relationships and transactions in accordance with the applicable financial reporting framework;

(b) Authorize and approve significant transactions and arrangements with related parties; and 

(c) Authorize and approve significant transactions and arrangements outside the normal course of business.

如果管理层建立了下列与关联方关系及其交易相关的控制，注册会计师应当询问管理层和被审计单位内部其他人员 ，实施其他适当的风险评估程序 ，以获取对相关控制的 了解 ：

（1）按照适用的财务报告编制基础，对关联方关系及其交易进行 识别、会计处理和披露

（2） 授权 和 批准 重大关联方交易和安排

（3）授权和批准 超出正常 经营过程的重大交易和安排

Domination of management by a single person or small group of persons without compensating controls is a fraud risk factor. Indicators of dominant influence exerted by a related party include:

•• The related party has vetoed significant business decisions taken by management or those charged with governance.

•• Significant transactions are referred to the related party for final approval.

•• There is little or no debate among management and those charged with governance regarding business proposals initiated by the related party.

•• Transactions involving the related party (or a close family member of the related party) are rarely independently reviewed and approved. 

Dominant influence may also exist in some cases if the related party has played a leading role in founding the entity and continues to play a leading role in managing the entity.

支配性影响的关联方 可能表现 的方面

（ 1）关联方 否决 管理层或治理层作出的重大经营决策

（ 2）重大交易需经关联方的 最终批准

（ 3）日常经营（采购、销售或技术支持） 高度依赖 关联方或关联方提供的资金支持

（ 4）对关联方提出的 业务建议 ，管理层和治理层 未曾 或很少进行讨论即获得通过

（ 5）对涉及关联方（或与关联方关系密切的家庭成员）的交易，管理层和治理层极少 进行独立复核和批准

（ 6）管理层或治理层成员由关联方选定， 独立董事 实质上不独立，或者与关联方存在密切关系

（ 7）存在实际控制人、控股股东或者单一大股东，并利用其影响力 凌驾 于被审计单位内部控制之上，或使被审计单位管理层在作出决策时只关注单方面的利益，且相关决策在治理层（如董事会） 缺乏 充分的讨论

（ 8）关联方在被审计单位的设立和日 后 经营管理中均发挥主导作用

In the presence of other risk factors, the existence of a related party with dominant influence may indicate significant risks of material misstatement due to fraud. For example:

•• An unusually high turnover of senior management or professional advisors may suggest unethical or fraudulent business practices that serve the related party’s purposes.

•• The use of business intermediaries for significant transactions for which there appears to be no clear business justification may suggest that the related party could have an interest in such transactions through control of such intermediaries for fraudulent purposes.

•• Evidence of the related party’s excessive participation in or preoccupation with the selection of accounting policies or the determination of significant estimates may suggest the possibility of fraudulent financial reporting.

可能 表明存在舞弊 导致的特别风险的因素 举例

（1）异常频繁地 高级管理人1 变更 员或专业顾问（例如，法律或财务顾问等），可能表明被审计单位为关联方谋取利益而从事不道德或虚假的交易

（ 2）通过中间机构开展的重大交易，且难以判断通过中间机构开展该交易的必要性以及交易是否具有合理的 商业理由 ，这可能表明关联方或被审计单位出于 舞弊目的，通过控制这些中间机构从交易中获利

（ 3）有证据显示关联方过度干涉或关注会计政策的选择或重大会计估计的作出，可能表明存在 虚假 财务报告

Identified Significant Related Party Transactions outside the Entity's Normal Course of Business

应对超出被审计单位正常经营过程的重大关联方交易导致的重大错报风险

For identified significant related party transactions outside the entity's normal course of business, the auditor shall:

(a) Inspect the underlying contracts or agreements, if any, and evaluate whether:

(i) The business rationale (or lack thereof) of the transactions suggests that they may have been entered into to engage in fraudulent financial reporting or to conceal misappropriation of assets;

(ii) The terms of the transactions are consistent with management’s explanations; and

(iii) The transactions have been appropriately accounted for and disclosed in accordance with the applicable financial reporting framework; and

(b) Obtain audit evidence that the transactions have been appropriately authorized and approved.

Authorization and approval by management, those charged with governance, or, where applicable, the shareholders of significant related party transactions outside the entity’s normal course of business may provide audit evidence that these have been duly considered at the appropriate levels within the entity and that their terms and conditions have been appropriately reflected in the financial statements. 

The existence of transactions of this nature that were not subject to such authorization and approval, in the absence of rational explanations based on discussion with management or those charged with governance, may indicate risks of material misstatement due to fraud or error. In these circumstances, the auditor may need to be alert for other transactions of a similar nature. 

Authorization and approval alone, however, may not be sufficient in concluding whether risks of material misstatement due to fraud are absent because authorization and approval may be ineffective if there has been collusion between the related parties or if the entity is subject to the dominant influence of a related party.

针对识别出的 超出正常 经营过程的 重大关联方交易 ，注册会计师应当采取的应对措施包括 检查相关合同或协议（如有）和获取交易已经恰当 授权和批准 的审计证据

如果 检查 相关合同或协议，注册会计师 应当 评价：

（ 1）交易的 商业理由 （或缺乏商业理由）是否表明被审计单位从事交易的目的可能是为了对财务信息作出虚假报告或为了隐瞒侵占资产的行为

（ 2）交易 条款 是否与管理层的解释一致

（ 3）关联方交易是否已按照适用的财务报告编制基础得到 恰当会计处理和披露

获取 交易已经 恰当授权和批准 的审计证据

（ 1）如果超出正常经营过程的重大关联方交易经管理层、治理层或股东（如适用）授权和批准，可以为注册会计师提供审计证据，表明该项交易 已在 被审计单位内部的适当层面进行了 考虑，并在财务报表中 恰当 披露了交易的条款和条件

（ 2）授权和批准 本身不足以就是否不存在 由于舞弊或错误导致的重大错报风险得出结论，原因在于如果被审计单位与关联方串通舞弊或关联方对被审计单位具有支配性影响，被审计单位与授权和批准相关的控制可能是无效的

（ 3）如果存在 未经授权和批准 的这类交易，且注册会计师与管理层或治理层进行讨论后 仍未获取 合理解释，可能表明 存在由于舞弊或错误导致的重大错报风险。在这种情况下，注册会计师可能需要对 其他类似性质的交易 保持警觉